NASA's Perseverance rover has achieved the first of converting carbon dioxide from Mars into oxygen

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El rover Perseverance de la NASA ha logrado la primicia de convertir dióxido de carbono de Marte en oxígeno

A toaster-sized experimental instrument aboard the rover called MOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment) has made NASA's Perseverance rover convert carbon dioxide from Mars into oxygen.

The test took place on April 20, the sixtieth Martian day, or sol, since the mission landed on February 18 in Jezero Crater.

MOXIE

In this first operation, MOXIE's oxygen production was about 5 grams, equivalent to approximately 10 minutes of breathable oxygen for an astronaut.

The atmosphere of Mars is 96% of carbon dioxide. MOXIE works by separating oxygen atoms from carbon dioxide molecules, which are made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. A waste product, carbon monoxide, is emitted into the Martian atmosphere. The conversion process requires high levels of heat to reach a temperature of approximately 800 degrees Celsius.

Transporting 25 tons of oxygen from Earth to Mars would be an arduous task. Transporting a one-ton oxygen converter, a larger, more powerful descendant of MOXIE that could produce those 25 tons, would be much more economical and practical. Jim Reuter, associate administrator of the Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD):

This is a critical first step in converting carbon dioxide to oxygen on Mars. MOXIE has more work to do, but the results of this technology demonstration are promising as we move toward our goal of one day seeing humans on Mars. Oxygen is not just what we breathe. Rocket propellant relies on oxygen, and future explorers will rely on propellant production on Mars to make the trip home.

MOXIE is expected to extract oxygen at least nine times more in the course of a Martian Year (almost two years on Earth).


The news

NASA's Perseverance rover has achieved the first of converting carbon dioxide from Mars into oxygen

was originally published in

Xataka Science

by
Sergio Parra

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A bird weighing only 17 grams that travels 2,770 kilometers across the open sea: the striped warbler

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Un ave de solo 17 gramos que recorre 2.770 kilómetros por mar abierto: la reinita estriada

Even taking into account all the fat they accumulate to carry out their impressive migration, striped warblers (Setophaga striata) They have a mass of just 17 grams.

The equivalent of fifty aspirin tablets that makes a stopover of 2,770 kilometers across the open sea.

The journey

The Striated Warbler heads south in the fall from northwestern North America and travels to the Caribbean, and even to Colombia and Venezuela. For a long time, it was unknown how much time he spent flying over the ocean.

Now, however, we already have the data in this regard, as explained David Barrie in his book The most incredible trips:

With the help of extraordinarily small tracking devices, scientists have managed to demonstrate that they can fly endlessly from Long Island to the island of Hispaniola or Puerto Rico, a distance of 2,770 kilometers across the open sea.

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So these birds can complete non-stop flights of between 2,270 and 2,770 kilometers in just two or three days. Therefore, before starting the trip, it doubles its body mass by storing lipids and proteins, and it can do so in just one week. Later, The moment it begins to fly, a process of atrophy of its digestive system begins..


The news

A bird weighing only 17 grams that travels 2,770 kilometers across the open sea: the striped warbler

was originally published in

Xataka Science

by
Sergio Parra

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The vaccination strategy in Spain is not altered: Health will not space out the second dose of Pfizer and Moderna

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La estrategia de vacunación en España no se altera: Sanidad no espaciará la segunda dosis de Pfizer y Moderna

In a document sent to the Public Health Commission to be debated and approved this Tuesday in an extraordinary meeting, the Spanish Ministry of Health now proposed to delay the second dose of Pfizer and Moderna prophylaxis.

Although it had been stated that such a delay would not take place, in order to increase the rate of immunizations now it could be postponed this second dose specifically between 6 and 8 weeks among people under 80 years of age. Finally, however, this new strategy will not be adopted.

Other countries that do

This practice, which does not have the approval of the EMA (the data sheet Pfizer does not contemplate a delay in the immunization schedule), however was adopted by Israel and the United Kingdom at the beginning of the year. Although the strategy was viewed with a lot of skepticism at the time, it seems that finally has had good results.

There are already several countries that are following this line. Ireland, for example, has extended Pfizer's second deadline from 21 to 28 days. Denmark, Germany, France and Italy They recommend an interval of 6 weeks for Pfizer and Moderna. Finland has placed all second doses at 12 weeks. The United Kingdom also extended the second doses of all vaccines to 12 weeks, and Canada, to four months.

It should be noted that the EMA does not prohibit extending the administration of the second dose up to 42 days (the product information does not explicitly determine the upper limit between doses), what it suggests, for the moment, is that We are not sure if this new space between vaccines can guarantee the same effectiveness confirmed by clinical trials.


The news

The vaccination strategy in Spain is not altered: Health will not space out the second dose of Pfizer and Moderna

was originally published in

Xataka Science

by
Sergio Parra

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What science says about 5G and its effects on our health

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Lo que dice la ciencia sobre el 5G y sus efectos en nuestra salud

According to what we know today in science, and based on the results of clinical studies in this regard, physically, there is no reason that can explain possible harm from exposure to a mobile phone, a mobile phone antenna, or even , to the 5G WiFi.

If this type of radiation were really harmful through a physical principle unknown to date, there would be an uptick in tumors and cancers because we have been continuously exposed to these radiations everywhere for more than a century. Environmental movements and other related activists, however, They always refer to the same collections of studies (very few and generally with methodological flaws or only carried out on animals).

The 5G conspiracy

Radiation is the phenomenon of transporting energy in a vacuum or a material medium using particles or electromagnetic waves. Depending on how the radiation interacts with the matter that comes into its path, we can distinguish two types: ionizing and non-ionizing.

The first can break the chemical bonds of the living tissue with which it interacts. The second, on the contrary, He doesn't have enough energy to do it..

Most of the radiation around us is non-ionizing, from radio and television signals to visible light. So is radiation from mobile phones, as well as telephone antennas.

Despite this, there are many associations, political groups and even scientists who point out the opposite, violating the most basic principles of physics. There are even organizations that They begin to sabotage 5G telephone antennas because they are convinced that 5G networks act as a kind of catalyst, which amplifies and makes the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen more lethal.

The Stop 5G movement is led by Arthur Firstenberg, one of the main proponents of electrosensitivity and other invented pseudo-diseases related to electromagnetism. One of his star tips is: "turn off the Wi-Fi and your cell phone while you sleep."

nocebo effect

So? Why do some people seem to get sick when they are near cell towers or seem to suffer from electrosensitivity? Simple: because a correlation is not a cause. Just because something happens right after or at the moment we do something does not mean that it is a consequence of it. To find out if there is a cause and not a correlation, studies are done, and the studies have not found anything beyond the correlation.

Probably, in many cases the so-called nocebo effect, just the opposite of the placebo effect. If the placebo effect occurs when a person's body offers a positive response to a drug without any active ingredient (a simple sugar pill), as if it were really a medicine with an active ingredient (for example to reduce vomiting or relieve migraine), the nocebo effect would do just the opposite: the tendency for people to feel bad when they think they have been exposed to something dangerous.

The electrosensitivityTherefore, it would be a chronic manifestation of nocebo coexisting with an anxiety disorder.

This fear seems to arise with greater or lesser virulence every time a new electronic device appears that the average citizen does not understand in depth. In the 1980s, for example, it happened with the use of the microwave oven. Now, it has simply been 5G's turn... until it goes out of style.

In conclusion, there are thousands of elements that interact with our body. We are matter and everything around us interacts with us in some way. For example, visible light, such as that emitted by a light bulb. Microwaves are still light, too, except that they are not visible to the human eye. So if we are afraid of WiFi or microwaves, by that same logic we should be afraid of oxygen or the light of a light bulb. But if we have to be afraid of something, let it be another much more dangerous source of visible light: Sun (either tanning booths), a great generator of mutations in our DNA as soon as we spend too much time exposed to it to tan.

A good example of how social paranoia and erroneous ideas or misinterpretations can lead us to absurd situations is the Seattle Dent Windshield Epidemic, which you can see in the following video, and which shows us that the value of an idea must be measured by a rule. That is to say, with objective experiments, with evidence:


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What science says about 5G and its effects on our health

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Sergio Parra

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Sleeping six hours or less per night between ages 50 and 60 is associated with increased risk of dementia

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Dormir seis horas o menos por noche entre los 50 y 60 años se asocia con un mayor riesgo de demencia

According to a new longitudinal study conducted with almost 8,000 British adults followed for more than 25 years, sleeping six hours or less per night in their 50s and 60s is associated with an increased risk of dementia.

There was also a 30 percent increased risk of dementia in those with consistently short sleep patterns from age 50 to 70, regardless of cardiometabolic or mental health problems, which are known risk factors for dementia.

Correlation, not causation

The authors of the study from the French national health research institute INSERM analyzed data from a long-term study conducted by University College London, which has followed the health of 7,959 British individuals since 1985.

The participants self-reported their sleep duration, while around 3,900 of them also wore watch devices during the night to confirm their estimates.

However, as the researchers themselves clarify, We are dealing with a correlation, not a causality..

Additionally, while time spent sleeping is related to dementia risk in older adults, ages 65 and older, it is unclear whether this association is also true for younger age groups.


The news

Sleeping six hours or less per night between ages 50 and 60 is associated with increased risk of dementia

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Xataka Science

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Sergio Parra

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Although herd immunity is still missing, vaccinating risk groups already has extraordinarily beneficial effects

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Aunque aún falte para la inmunidad de grupo, vacunar a los grupos de riesgo ya tiene efectos extraordinariamente beneficiosos

With the vaccines that are already in place and those that will be given in these coming weeks, although there is no group immunity yet, the number of deaths will drop until it is almost residual.

In Spain, 44% of those over 60 years of age have received at least one dose of the coronavirus vaccine. And that is already having great beneficial effects.

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From that age it has been produced:

  • The 95% of deaths
  • The 64% of ICU admissions
  • The 65% of hospitalizations

Some optimism in sight

Although in the first phases of vaccination they were much slower because they were more complicated at a logistical level (among other things because they were more oriented towards residences), after starting to vaccinate health personnel and teachers, the rhythm has skyrocketed.

To carry out vaccination, the Ministry of Health has prepared a document called Vaccination strategy against Covid-19 in Spain. The fifth update of the Health vaccination plan included a new priority group to receive the vaccine: people with very high-risk conditions, such as those who suffer from oncohematological disease, cancer, some type of primary immunodeficiency or HIV, etc.

All this news invites optimism, but we have to continue considerably accelerating the pace of vaccination, especially in case unforeseen events appear, If what we want is to reach the expected goal of 70 % of the Spanish population immunized by the end of summer of this 2021.

According to the specialized data platform Time to Herd, Spain will reach 70% of vaccinated population within 187 days. However, this platform does not take into account some factors that could increase or decrease the pace of vaccine administration. As we increase the pace, well, The estimated day to reach that percentage will also be closer. And how has emphasized the Minister of Health herself, Carolina Darias: the key month of April will be decisive if we want to reach 70% of the vaccinated population in August (33 million people).

Without a doubt, further proof that, despite the attacks and uncertainty, we can prosper through science and technology. Definitely, be more morlocks than elois, more cornucopian than malthusian:


The news

Although herd immunity is still missing, vaccinating risk groups already has extraordinarily beneficial effects

was originally published in

Xataka Science

by
Sergio Parra

.

Read More